The UCCRC was established following approval of the National Cancer Act of 1973. Through its Cancer Centers Program, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) currently supports 61 Centers characterized by "scientific excellence and the capability to integrate a diversity of research approaches to focus on the problem of cancer." They share a common goal: attack malignant diseases "through laboratory research, innovative clinical trials, and prevention research."

One of only two NCI-designated Centers in Illinois, the UCCRC has earned a reputation for excellence, innovation and a commitment to attack cancer from every angle. UCCRC scientists study these diseases at the molecular level to evaluate how a minute variations in chromosomes or genes can trigger processes leading to abnormal, devastating cell growth. Clinical researchers apply the knowledge discovered in the lab to create and test promising new treatments and procedures. They bring patients new hope as they analyze novel therapies for effectiveness and determine optimal dosages. Clinicians and investigators in cancer control, prevention and population sciences implement new approaches to screening and prevention, teach state-of-the-art diagnostics to local physicians, and strive to eliminate health disparities separating one ethnic or social group from the rest of the population.